Here is a list of quantum CSS codes for qubits and qudits.
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| 3D fermionic surface code | A 3D Kitaev surface code that realizes \(\mathbb{Z}_2\) gauge theory with an emergent fermion. |
| 3D surface code | A variant of the Kitaev surface code on a 3D lattice. The closely related solid code [1] consists of several 3D surface codes stitched together in a way that the distance scales faster than the linear size of the system. |
| Approximate secret-sharing code | A family of \( [[n,k,d]]_q \) CSS codes approximately correcting errors on up to \(\lfloor (n-1)/2 \rfloor\) qubits, i.e., with approximate distance approaching the no-cloning bound \(n/2\). Constructed using a non-degenerate CSS code, such as a polynomial quantum code, and a classical authentication scheme. The code can be viewed as an \(t\)-error tolerant secret sharing scheme. Since the code yields a small logical subspace using large registers that contain both classical and quantum information, it is not useful for practical error correction problems, but instead demonstrates the power of approximate quantum error correction. |
| Balanced product (BP) code | Family of CSS quantum codes based on products of two classical codes which share common symmetries. The balanced product can be understood as taking the usual tensor/hypergraph product and then factoring out the symmetries factored. This reduces the overall number of physical qubits \(n\), while, under certain circumstances, leaving the number of encoded qubits \(k\) and the code distance \(d\) invariant. This leads to a more favourable encoding rate \(k/n\) and normalized distance \(d/n\) compared to the tensor/hypergraph product. |
| Ball color code | A color code defined on a \(D\)-dimensional colex. This family includes hyperoctahedron color codes (color codes defined on balls constructed from hyperoctahedra) and 3D ball color codes (color codes defined on duals of certain Archimedean solids). |
| Binary quantum Goppa code | Also known as a quantum AG code. Binary quantum Goppa codes are a family of \( [[n,k,d]]_q \) CSS codes for \( q=2^m \), generated using classical Goppa codes. |
| Bivariate bicycle code | One of several Abelian 2BGA codes which admit time-optimal syndrome measurement circuits that can be implemented in a two-layer architecture, a generalization of the square-lattice architecture optimal for the surface codes. |
| Bring's code | A \([[30,8,3]]\) hyperbolic surface code on a quotient of the \(\{5,5\}\) hyperbolic tiling called Bring's curve. Its qubits and stabilizer generators lie on the vertices of the small stellated dodecahedron. Admits a set of weight-five stabilizer generators. |
| Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) stabilizer code | A stabilizer code admitting a set of stabilizer generators that are either \(Z\)-type or \(X\)-type operators. The two sets of stabilizer generators can often, but not always, be related to parts of a chain complex over the appropriate ring or field. |
| Classical-product code | A CSS code constructed by separately constructing the \(X\) and \(Z\) check matrices using product constructions from classical codes. A particular \([[512,174,8]]\) code performed well [2] against erasure and depolarizing noise when compared to other notable CSS codes, such as the asymptotically good quantum Tanner codes. |
| Color code | A family of Abelian topological CSS stabilizer codes defined on a \(D\)-dimensional graph which satisfies two properties: The graph is (1) a homogeneous simplicial \(D\)-complex obtained as a triangulation of the interior of a \(D\)-simplex and (2) is \(D+1\)-colorable. |
| Dinur-Hsieh-Lin-Vidick (DHLV) code | Stub. |
| Distance-balanced code | Galois-qudit CSS code constructed from a CSS code and a classical code using a distance-balancing procedure based on a generalized homological product. The initial code is said to be unbalanced, i.e., tailored to noise biased toward either bit- or phase-flip errors, and the procedure can result in a code that is treats both types of errors on a more equal footing. The original distance-balancing procedure [3], later generalized [4; Thm. 4.2], can yield QLDPC codes [3; Thm. 1]. |
| Expander LP code | Family of \(G\)-lifted product codes constructed using two random classical Tanner codes defined on expander graphs [5]. For certain parameters, this construction yields the first asymptotically good QLDPC codes. Classical codes resulting from this construction are one of the first two families of \(c^3\)-LTCs. |
| Fiber-bundle code | Also called a twisted product code. CSS code constructed by combining one code as the base and another as the fiber of a fiber bundle. In particular, taking a random LDPC code as the base and a cyclic repetition code as the fiber yields, after distance balancing, a QLDPC code with distance \(\Omega(n^{3/5}\text{polylog}(n))\) and rate \(\Omega(n^{-2/5}\text{polylog}(n))\) is obtained. |
| Folded quantum Reed-Solomon (FQRS) code | CSS code on \(q^m\)-dimensional Galois-qudits that is constructed from folded Reed-Solomon (FRS) codes via the Galois-qudit CSS construction. This code is used to construct Singleton-bound approaching approximate quantum codes. |
| Four-rotor code | \([[4,2,2]]_{\mathbb Z}\) CSS rotor code that is an extension of the four-qubit code to the integer alphabet, i.e., the angular momentum states of a planar rotor. The code is \(U(1)\)-covariant and its ideal logical-rotor codewords, \begin{align} |\overline{x,y}\rangle = \sum_{j,k,l\in\mathbb{Z}} \delta_{a,j+k}\delta_{b,l} \left| j,k,j+l,k+l \right\rangle~, \tag*{(1)}\end{align} where \(a,b\in\mathbb{Z}\), are not normalizable. |
| Fractal surface code | Kitaev surface code on a fractal geometry, which is obtained by removing qubits from the surface code on a cubic lattice. Stub. |
| Freedman-Meyer-Luo code | Hyperbolic surface code constructed using cellulation of a Riemannian Manifold \(M\) exhibiting systolic freedom [6]. Codes derived from such manifolds can achieve distances scaling better than \(\sqrt{n}\), something that is impossible using closed 2D surfaces or 2D surfaces with boundaries [7]. Improved codes are obtained by studying a weak family of Riemann metrics on closed 4-dimensional manifolds \(S^2\otimes S^2\) with the \(Z_2\)-homology. |
| Galois-qudit CSS code | An \([[n,k,d]]_q \) Galois-qudit true stabilizer code admitting a set of stabilizer generators that are either \(Z\)-type or \(X\)-type Galois-qudit Pauli strings. Codes can be defined from chain complexes over \(GF(q)\) via an extension of qubit CSS-to-homology correspondence to Galois qudits. |
| Galois-qudit topological code | Abelian topological code, such as a surface [8,9] or color [10] code, constructed on lattices of Galois qudits. |
| Generalized Shor code | Code constructed by concatenating two classical codes in a way the generalizes the Shor and quantum parity codes. |
| Generalized bicycle (GB) code | A quasi-cyclic Galois-qudit CSS code constructed using a generalized version of the bicycle ansatz [11] from a pair of equivalent index-two quasi-cyclic linear codes. Various instances of qubit GB codes are constructed in Ref. [12] (only codes with \(k=2\)) and in Ref. [13]. |
| Generalized homological-product CSS code | CSS code whose properties are determined from an underlying chain complex, which often consists of some type of product of other chain complexes. |
| Generalized homological-product qubit CSS code | Qubit CSS code whose properties are determined from an underlying chain complex, which often consists of some type of product of other chain complexes. |
| Generalized surface code | Also called the \(D\)-dimensional surface or \(D\)-dimensional toric code. CSS-type extenstion of the Kitaev surface code to arbitrary \(D\)-dimensional manifolds. The 4D surface code serves as a self-correcting quantum memory, while surface codes in higher dimensions can have distances not possible in lower dimensions. |
| Golden code | Variant of the Guth-Lubotzky hyperbolic surface code that uses regular tessellations for 4-dimensional hyperbolic space. |
| Guth-Lubotzky code | Hyperbolic surface code based on cellulations of certain four-dimensional manifolds. The manifolds are shown to have good homology and systolic properties for the purposes of code construction, with corresponding codes exhibiting linear rate. |
| Hemicubic code | Stub. |
| High-dimensional expander (HDX) code | CSS code constructed from a Ramanujan quantum code and an asymptotically good classical LDPC code using distance balancing. Ramanujan quantum codes are defined using Ramanujan complexes which are simplicial complexes that generalise Ramanujan graphs [14,15]. Combining the quantum code obtained from a Ramanujan complex and a good classical LDPC code, which can be thought of as coming from a 1-dimensional chain complex, yields a new quantum code that is defined on a 2-dimensional chain complex. This 2-dimensional chain complex is obtained by the co-complex of the product of the 2 co-complexes. The length, dimension and distance of the new quantum code depend on the input codes. |
| Homological product code | CSS code formulated using the homological product of two chain complexes (see Qubit CSS-to-homology correspondence). Given two classical codes, \(C_i=[n_i,k_i,d_i]\) with \(i\in\{1,2\}\), whose parity-check matrices \(H_i\) satisfy \(H_i^2 = 0\), their homological product yields two classical codes with \(C_{X,Z}\) with parity-check matrices \begin{align} H_X = H_Z^T = H_1 \otimes I + I \otimes H_2~, \tag*{(2)}\end{align} where \(I\) is the identity. These two codes then yield a homological product code via the CSS construction. |
| Homological rotor code | A homological quantum rotor code is an extension of analog stabilizer codes to rotors. The code is stabilized by a continuous group of rotor \(X\)-type and \(Z\)-type generalized Pauli operators. Codes are formulated using an extension of the qubit CSS-to-homology correspondence to rotors. The homology group of the logical operators has a torsion component because the chain complexes are defined over the ring of integers, which yields codes with finite logical dimension, i.e., encoding logical qudits instead of only logical rotors. Such finite-dimensional encodings are not possible with analog stabilizer codes. |
| Hyperbolic surface code | An extension of the Kitaev surface code construction to hyperbolic manifolds. Given a cellulation of a manifold, qubits are put on \(i\)-dimensional faces, \(X\)-type stabilizers are associated with \((i-1)\)-faces, while \(Z\)-type stabilizers are associated with \(i+1\)-faces. |
| Hypergraph product (HGP) code | A family of \([[n,k,d]]\) CSS codes whose construction is based on two binary linear seed codes, \(C_i=[n_i,k_i,d_i]\) with \(i\in\{1,2\}\). Given the two seed parity-check matrices \(H_{1,2}\), the hypergraph product yields two classical codes \(C_{X,Z}\) with parity-check matrices \begin{align} H_{X}&=\begin{pmatrix}H_{1}\otimes I_{n_{2}} & \,\,I_{n_{1}-k_{1}}\otimes H_{2}^{T}\end{pmatrix}\tag*{(3)}\\ H_{Z}&=\begin{pmatrix}I_{n_{1}}\otimes H_{2} & \,\,H_{1}^{T}\otimes I_{n_{2}-k_{2}}\end{pmatrix}~, \tag*{(4)}\end{align} where \(I_m\) is the \(m\)-dimensional identity matrix. These two codes then yield a hypergraph product code via the CSS construction. |
| Hypersphere product code | Stub. |
| Kitaev current-mirror qubit code | Member of the family of \([[2n,(0,2),(2,n)]]_{\mathbb{Z}}\) homological rotor codes storing a logical qubit on a thin Möbius strip. The ideal code can be obtained from a Josephson-junction [16] system [17]. |
| Kitaev surface code | A family of Abelian topological CSS stabilizer codes whose generators are few-body \(X\)-type and \(Z\)-type Pauli strings associated to the stars and plaquettes, respectively, of a cellulation of a two-dimensional surface (with a qubit located at each edge of the cellulation). Toric code often either refers to the construction on the two-dimensional torus or is an alternative name for the general construction. The construction on surfaces with boundaries is often called the planar code [18–20]. Codewords correspond to ground states of the surface code Hamiltonian, and error operators create or annihilate pairs of anyonic charges or vortices. |
| Lifted-product (LP) code | Code that utilizes the notion of a lifted product in its construction. Lifted products of certain classical Tanner codes are the first (asymptotically) good QLDPC codes. |
| Lossless expander balanced-product code | QLDPC code constructed by taking the balanced product of lossless expander graphs. Using one part of a quantum-code chain complex constructed with one-sided loss expanders [21] yields a \(c^3\)-LTC [22]. Using two-sided expanders, which are only conjectured to exist, yields an asymptotically good QLDPC code family [23]. |
| Modular-qudit CSS code | An \(((n,K,d))_q\) modular-qudit stabilizer code admitting a set of stabilizer generators that are either \(Z\)-type or \(X\)-type Pauli strings. Codes can be defined from two classical codes and/or chain complexes over the ring \(\mathbb{Z}_q\) via an extension of qubit CSS-to-homology correspondence to modular qudits. The homology group of the logical operators has a torsion component because the chain complexes are defined over a ring, which yields codes whose logical dimension is not a power of \(q\). |
| Modular-qudit GKP code | Modular-qudit analogue of the GKP code. Encodes a qudit into a larger qudit and protects against Pauli shifts up to some maximum value. |
| Projective-plane surface code | A family of Kitaev surface codes on the non-orientable 2-dimensional compact manifold \(\mathbb{R}P^2\) (in contrast to a genus-\(g\) surface). Whereas genus-\(g\) surface codes require \(2g\) logical qubits, qubit codes on \(\mathbb{R}P^2\) are made from a single logical qubit. |
| Quantum Reed-Muller code | A CSS code formed from a classical Reed-Muller code (or its punctured versions) in which polynomials over finite fields encode data. This is done by transforming these polynomials into the stabilizer generator matrices. |
| Quantum Reed-Solomon code | Also called prime-qudit polynomial code (QPyC). Prime-qudit CSS code constructed using two Reed-Solomon codes. |
| Quantum Tanner code | Member of a family of QLDPC codes based on two compatible classical Tanner codes defined on a two-dimensional Cayley complex. For certain choices of codes and complex, the resulting codes have asymptotically good parameters. |
| Quantum check-product code | Stub. |
| Quantum divisible code | Consider a CSS code whose \(Z\)-stabilizers are determined by the dual of a classical \([n, k_1]\) linear binary code \(C_1\), and whose \(X\)-stabilizers are determined by a classical \([n, k_2]\) binary code \(C_2 \subset C_1\). This code is quantum divisible if all weights in \(C_2\) share a common divisor \(\Delta > 1\), and all weights in each coset of \(C_2\) in \(C_1\) are congruent to \(\Delta\). |
| Quantum expander code | CSS codes constructed from a hypergraph product of bipartite expander graphs [5] with bounded left and right vertex degrees. For every bipartite graph there is an associated matrix (the parity check matrix) with columns indexed by the left vertices, rows indexed by the right vertices, and 1 entries whenever a left and right vertex are connected. This matrix can serve as the parity check matrix of a classical code. Two bipartite expander graphs can be used to construct a quantum CSS code (the quantum expander code) by using the parity check matrix of one as \(X\) checks, and the parity check matrix of the other as \(Z\) checks. |
| Quantum multi-dimensional parity-check (QMDPC) code | High-rate low-distance CSS code whose qubits lie on a \(D\)-dimensional rectangle, with \(X\)-type stabilizer generators defined on each \(D-1\)-dimensional rectangle. For example, the \(D=2\) square geometry corresponds to a \([[n^2,n^2-4n+2,4]]\) code, with \(X\)-type stabilizer generators defined on rows and columns. The \(Z\)-type stabilizer generators are defined via permutations in order to commute with the \(X\)-type generators. |
| Quantum parity code (QPC) | A \([[m_1 m_2,1,\min(m_1,m_2)]]\) CSS code family obtained from concatenating an \(m_1\)-qubit phase-flip repetition code with an \(m_2\)-qubit bit-flip repetition code. Logical codewords are \begin{align} \begin{split} |\overline{0}\rangle&=\frac{1}{2^{m_2/2}}\left(|0\rangle^{\otimes m_1}+|1\rangle^{\otimes m_1}\right)^{\otimes m_2}\\ |\overline{1}\rangle&=\frac{1}{2^{m_2/2}}\left(|0\rangle^{\otimes m_1}-|1\rangle^{\otimes m_1}\right)^{\otimes m_2}~. \end{split} \tag*{(5)}\end{align} |
| Quantum polar code | Entanglement-assisted CSS code utilized in a quantum polar coding scheme producing entangled pairs of qubits between sender and receiver. In such a scheme, the amplitude and phase information of a quantum state is handled in complementary fashion [24] using an encoding based on classical polar codes. Variants of the initial scheme have been developed for degradable channels [25] and extended to arbitrary channels [26]. |
| Quantum repetition code | Encodes \(1\) qubit into \(n\) qubits according to \(|0\rangle\to|\phi_0\rangle^{\otimes n}\) and \(|1\rangle\to|\phi_1\rangle^{\otimes n}\). Also known as a bit-flip code when \(|\phi_i\rangle = |i\rangle\), and a phase-flip code when \(|\phi_0\rangle = |+\rangle\) and \(|\phi_1\rangle = |-\rangle\). |
| Qubit CSS code | An \([[n,k,d]]\) stabilizer code admitting a set of stabilizer generators that are either \(Z\)-type or \(X\)-type Pauli strings. Codes can be defined from two classical codes and/or chain complexes over \(\mathbb{Z}_2\) per the qubit CSS-to-homology correspondence below. Strong CSS codes are codes for which there exists a set of \(X\) and \(Z\) stabilizer generators of equal weight. |
| Rotated surface code | Variant of the surface code defined on a square lattice that has been rotated 45 degrees such that qubits are on vertices, and both \(X\)- and \(Z\)-type check operators occupy plaquettes in an alternating checkerboard pattern. |
| Singleton-bound approaching AQECC | Approximate quantum code of rate \(R\) that can tolerate adversarial errors nearly saturating the quantum Singleton bound of \((1-R)/2\). The formulation of such codes relies on a notion of quantum list decoding. Sampling a description of this code can be done with an efficient randomized algorithm with \(2^{-\Omega(n)}\) failure probability. |
| Skew-cyclic CSS code | Stub. |
| Surface-17 code | A \([[9,1,3]]\) rotated surface code named for the sum of its 9 data qubits and 8 syndrome qubits. It uses the smallest number of qubits to perform error correction on a surface code with parallel syndrome extraction. |
| Tensor-product HDX code | Code constructed in a similar way as the HDX code, but utilizing tensor products of Ramanujan complexes in order to improve code distance from \(\sqrt{n}\log n\) to \(\sqrt{n}~\text{polylog}(n)\). The utility of such tensor products comes from the fact that one of the Ramanujan complexes is a collective cosystolic expander as opposed to just a cosystolic expander. |
| Three-dimensional color code | Three-dimensional version of the color code. |
| Three-qutrit code | A \([[3,1,2]]_3\) prime-qudit CSS code that is the smallest qutrit stabilizer code to detect a single-qutrit error. with stabilizer generators \(ZZZ\) and \(XXX\). The code defines a quantum secret-sharing scheme and serves as a minimal model for the AdS/CFT holographic duality. It is also the smallest non-trivial instance of a quantum maximum distance separable code (QMDS), saturating the quantum Singleton bound. The codewords are \begin{align} \begin{split} | \overline{0} \rangle &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (| 000 \rangle + | 111 \rangle + | 222 \rangle) \\ | \overline{1} \rangle &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (| 012 \rangle + | 120 \rangle + | 201 \rangle) \\ | \overline{2} \rangle &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} (| 021 \rangle + | 102 \rangle + | 210 \rangle)~. \end{split} \tag*{(6)}\end{align} The elements in the superposition of each logical codeword are related to each other via cyclic permutations. |
| Three-rotor code | \([[3,1,2]]_{\mathbb Z}\) rotor code that is an extension of the \([[3,1,2]]_3\) qutrit CSS code to the integer alphabet, i.e., the angular momentum states of a planar rotor. The code is \(U(1)\)-covariant and its ideal codewords, \begin{align} |\overline{x}\rangle = \sum_{y\in\mathbb{Z}} \left| -3y,y-x,2(y+x) \right\rangle~, \tag*{(7)}\end{align} where \(x\in\mathbb{Z}\), are not normalizable. |
| Triangular color code | A planar color code defined on a trivalent lattice, typically the honeycomb or 4-8-8 (square octagon) lattice. Each boundary of the triangle intersects the lattice such that it only touches faces of two colors. The color of the boundary is then the other third color. |
| Triorthogonal code | A triorthogonal \(m \times n\) binary matrix is triorthogonal if its rows \(r_1, \ldots, r_m\) satisfy \(|r_i \cdot r_j| = 0\) and \(|r_i \cdot r_j \cdot r_k| = 0\), where addition and multiplication are done on \(\mathbb{Z}_2\). The triorthogonal code associated with the matrix is constructed by mapping non-zero entries in even-weight rows to \(X\) operators, and \(Z\) operators for each row in the orthogonal complement. |
| Two-block group-algebra (2BGA) codes | 2BGA codes are the smallest LP codes LP\((a,b)\), constructed from a pair of group algebra elements \(a,b\in \mathbb{F}_q[G]\), where \(G\) is a finite group, and \(\mathbb{F}_q\) is a Galois field. For a group of order \(\ell\), we get a 2BGA code of length \(n=2\ell\). A 2BGA code for an Abelian group is called an Abelian 2BGA code. |
| Two-block quantum code | Galois-qudit CSS code whose stabilizer generator matrices \(H_X=(A,B)\) and \(H_Z=(B^T,-A^T)\), are constructed from a pair of square commuting matrices \(A\) and \(B\). |
| Two-dimensional color code | Two-dimensional version of the color code, defined on a two-dimensional trivalent planar graph with 3-colorable faces. Each face hosts two stabilizer generators, a Pauli-\(X\) and a Pauli-\(Z\) string acting on all the qubits of the face. |
| Two-dimensional hyperbolic surface code | Hyperbolic surface codes based on a tessellation of a closed 2D manifold with a hyperbolic geometry (i.e., non-Euclidean geometry, e.g., saddle surfaces when defined on a 2D plane). |
| Yoked surface code | Member of a family of \([[n,k,d]]\) qubit CSS codes resulting from a concatenation of a QMDPC code with a rotated surface code. Concatenation can as much as triple the number of logical qubits per physical qubit of the original surface code and does not impose additional connectivity constraints. |
| Zero-pi qubit code | A \([[2,(0,2),(2,1)]]_{\mathbb{Z}}\) homological rotor code on the smallest tiling of the projective plane \(\mathbb{R}P^2\). The ideal code can be obtained from a four-rotor Josephson-junction [16] system after a choice of grounding [17]. |
| \([[15, 7, 3]]\) Hamming-based CSS code | Self-dual Hamming-based CSS code that admits permutation-based CZ logical gates. |
| \([[15,1,3]]\) quantum Reed-Muller code | \([[15,1,3]]\) CSS code that is most easily thought of as a tetrahedral 3D color code. This code contains 15 qubits, represented by four vertices, four face centers, six edge centers, and one body center. The tetrahedron is cellulated into four identical polyhedron cells by connecting the body center to all four face centers, where each face center is then connected by three adjacent edge centers. Each colored cell corresponds to a weight-8 \(X\)-check, and each face corresponds to a weight-4 \(Z\)-check. A logical \(Z\) is any weight-3 \(Z\)-string along an edge of the entire tetrahedron. The logical \(X\) is any weight-7 \(X\)-face of the entire tetrahedron. |
| \([[2^r-1, 1, 3]]\) quantum Reed-Muller code | Member of CSS code family constructed with a first-order punctured RM\((1,r)\) \([2^r-1,r+1,2^{r-1}-1]\) code and its even subcode for \(r \geq 3\). Each code transversally implements a member of an infinite family of diagonal gates from the Clifford hierarchy [27]. |
| \([[2^r-1, 2^r-2r-1, 3]]\) Hamming-based CSS code | CCS code constructed with a classical Hamming code \([2^r-1,2^r-1-r,3]=C_X=C_Z\) a.k.a. a first-order punctured Reed-Muller code RM\((r-2,r)\). |
| \([[2^r-1, 2^r-2r-1, 3]]_p\) prime-qudit CSS code | A family of CSS codes extending Hamming-based CSS codes to prime qudits of dimension \(p\) by expressing the qubit code stabilizers in local-dimension-invariant (LDI) form [28]. |
| \([[2^{2r-1}-1,1,2^r-1]]\) quantum punctured Reed-Muller code | Member of CSS code family constructed with a punctured self-dual RM \([2^r-1,2^{r-1},\sqrt{2}^{r-1}-1]\) code and its even subcode for \(r \geq 2\). |
| \([[2m,2m-2,2]]\) error-detecting code | CSS stabilizer code for \(m\geq 2\) with generators \(\{XX\cdots X, ZZ\cdots Z\} \) acting on all \(2m\) physical qubits. This is the highest-rate distance-two code when an even number of qubits is used [29]. |
| \([[4,2,2]]\) CSS code | Four-qubit CSS stabilizer code is the smallest qubit stabilizer code to detect a single-qubit error. Admits generators \(\{XXXX, ZZZZ\} \) and codewords \begin{align} \begin{split} |\overline{00}\rangle = (|0000\rangle + |1111\rangle)/\sqrt{2}~{\phantom{.}}\\ |\overline{01}\rangle = (|0011\rangle + |1100\rangle)/\sqrt{2}~{\phantom{.}}\\ |\overline{10}\rangle = (|0101\rangle + |1010\rangle)/\sqrt{2}~{\phantom{.}}\\ |\overline{11}\rangle = (|0110\rangle + |1001\rangle)/\sqrt{2}~. \end{split} \tag*{(8)}\end{align} This code is the smallest instance of the toric code, and its various single-qubit subcodes are small planar surface codes. |
| \([[7,1,3]]\) Steane code | A \([[7,1,3]]\) CSS code that is the smallest qubit CSS code to correct a single-qubit error. The code is constructed using the classical binary \([7,4,3]\) Hamming code for protecting against both \(X\) and \(Z\) errors. |
| \([[8,3,2]]\) CSS code | Smallest 3D color code whose physical qubits lie on vertices of a cube and which admits a transversal CCZ gate. |
| \([[9,1,3]]\) Shor code | Nine-qubit CSS code that is the first quantum error-correcting code. |
| \([[k+4,k,2]]\) H code | Family of \([[k+4,k,2]]\) CSS codes with transversal Hadamard gates; relevant to magic state distillation. The four stablizer generators are \(X_1X_2X_3X_4\), \(Z_1Z_2Z_3Z_4\), \(X_1X_2X_5X_6...X_{k+4}\), and \(Z_1Z_2Z_5Z_6...Z_{k+4}\).' |
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