Also known as 3D toric code, 3D cubic code.
Description
A generalization of the Kitaev surface code defined on a 3D lattice.
3D toric code often either refers to the construction on the three-dimensional torus or is an alternative name for the general construction. The construction on surfaces with boundaries is often called the 3D surface code. There exists a rotated version of the 3D surface code, the 3D rotated surface code, akin to the (2D) rotated surface code [3]. The welded surface code [4] consists of several 3D surface codes stitched together in a way that the distance scales faster than the linear size of the system.
Related models [5,6] on lattices with certain colorability are equivalent to several copies of the 3D surface code [7].
Protection
The planar 3D surface code family on a cubic lattice of length \(L\) has parameters \([[2L(L-1)^2+L^3,1,d_X=L^2,d_Z=L]]\), while the 3D toric code has parameters \([[3L^3,3,d_X=L^2,d_Z=L]]\).
Transversal Gates
Gates
CZ gate for toric code on a Klein bottle [10].Lattice surgery [9].3D and Hybrid 2D-3D surface code computation using lattice surgery and without magic-state distillation [9].Fault-tolerant Hadamard gate using teleportation and error correction [9].
Decoding
Flip decoder and its modification p-flip [11].Tensor-network decoder [12].Efficient MWPM decoder for 3D toric and 3D welded surface codes [13].Generalization of linear-time ML erasure decoder [14] to 3D surface codes [13].
Fault Tolerance
Fault-tolerant Hadamard gate using teleportation and error correction [9].
Code Capacity Threshold
Independent \(X,Z\) noise: \(12\%\) for bit-flip and \(3\%\) for phase-flip channels with MWPM decoder for 3D toric code [13], and \(17.2\%\) and \(3.3\%\) with RG decoder for 3D toric code [15].Erasure noise: \(24.8\%\) with generalization of linear-time ML erasure decoder [14] to 3D surface codes [13]. No threshold was observed for the 3D welded surface code [13].
Threshold
Phenomenological noise model for the 3D toric code: \(2.90(2)\%\) under BP-OSD decoder [16], \(7.1\%\) under improved BP-OSD [17], \(7.3\%\) under RG [15], and \(2.6\%\) under flip decoder [11]. For 3D surface code: \(3.08(4)\%\) under flip decoder [16].
Parents
- Homological code
- 3D lattice stabilizer code
- Abelian topological code — The 3D Kitaev surface code realizes 3D \(\mathbb{Z}_2\) gauge theory.
- XYZ product code — The 3D planar (3D toric) code can be obtained from a hypergraph product of three repetition (cyclic) codes [18; Exam. A.1], but done in a different way than the Chamon code; see [19; Sec. 3.4].
Cousins
- Chamon model code — The Chamon and 3D surface codes can both be built out of a hypergraph product of three repetition codes; see [19; Sec. 3.4].
- Rotated surface code — There exists a rotated version of the 3D surface code, akin to the (2D) rotated surface code [3].
- Self-correcting quantum code — The 3D welded surface code is partially self-correcting with a power-law energy barrier [4]. The 3D toric code is a classical self-correcting memory, whose protected bit admits a membrane-like logical operator [20], but it is not a quantum self-correcting memory [21].
- 3D color code — The 3D color code is equivalent to multiple decoupled copies of the 3D surface code via a local constant-depth Clifford circuit [8,22,23]. This mapping can also be done via code concatenation [9].
- 3D fermionic surface code — The 3D (fermionic) surface code is a CSS (non-CSS) code which realizes a \(\mathbb{Z}_2\) gauge theory in 3D (with an emergent fermion).
- 3D subsystem surface code
References
- [1]
- E. Dennis et al., “Topological quantum memory”, Journal of Mathematical Physics 43, 4452 (2002) arXiv:quant-ph/0110143 DOI
- [2]
- A. Hamma, P. Zanardi, and X.-G. Wen, “String and membrane condensation on three-dimensional lattices”, Physical Review B 72, (2005) arXiv:cond-mat/0411752 DOI
- [3]
- E. Huang et al., “Tailoring Three-Dimensional Topological Codes for Biased Noise”, PRX Quantum 4, (2023) arXiv:2211.02116 DOI
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- K. P. Michnicki, “3D Topological Quantum Memory with a Power-Law Energy Barrier”, Physical Review Letters 113, (2014) arXiv:1406.4227 DOI
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- H. Bombin and M. A. Martin-Delgado, “Exact topological quantum order inD=3and beyond: Branyons and brane-net condensates”, Physical Review B 75, (2007) arXiv:cond-mat/0607736 DOI
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- I. H. Kim, “Local non-CSS quantum error correcting code on a three-dimensional lattice”, (2013) arXiv:1012.0859
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- A. Dua et al., “Sorting topological stabilizer models in three dimensions”, Physical Review B 100, (2019) arXiv:1908.08049 DOI
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- M. Vasmer and D. E. Browne, “Three-dimensional surface codes: Transversal gates and fault-tolerant architectures”, Physical Review A 100, (2019) arXiv:1801.04255 DOI
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- M. Barkeshli et al., “Higher-group symmetry in finite gauge theory and stabilizer codes”, (2024) arXiv:2211.11764
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- C. Piveteau, C. T. Chubb, and J. M. Renes, “Tensor Network Decoding Beyond 2D”, (2023) arXiv:2310.10722
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- N. Delfosse and G. Zémor, “Linear-time maximum likelihood decoding of surface codes over the quantum erasure channel”, Physical Review Research 2, (2020) arXiv:1703.01517 DOI
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- [16]
- A. O. Quintavalle et al., “Single-Shot Error Correction of Three-Dimensional Homological Product Codes”, PRX Quantum 2, (2021) arXiv:2009.11790 DOI
- [17]
- O. Higgott and N. P. Breuckmann, “Improved Single-Shot Decoding of Higher-Dimensional Hypergraph-Product Codes”, PRX Quantum 4, (2023) arXiv:2206.03122 DOI
- [18]
- L. Berent et al., “Analog information decoding of bosonic quantum LDPC codes”, (2023) arXiv:2311.01328
- [19]
- A. Leverrier, S. Apers, and C. Vuillot, “Quantum XYZ Product Codes”, Quantum 6, 766 (2022) arXiv:2011.09746 DOI
- [20]
- O. Landon-Cardinal et al., “Perturbative instability of quantum memory based on effective long-range interactions”, Physical Review A 91, (2015) arXiv:1501.04112 DOI
- [21]
- Y. Li et al., “Phase diagram of the three-dimensional subsystem toric code”, (2023) arXiv:2305.06389
- [22]
- B. Yoshida, “Classification of quantum phases and topology of logical operators in an exactly solved model of quantum codes”, Annals of Physics 326, 15 (2011) arXiv:1007.4601 DOI
- [23]
- A. B. Aloshious, A. N. Bhagoji, and P. K. Sarvepalli, “On the Local Equivalence of 2D Color Codes and Surface Codes with Applications”, (2018) arXiv:1804.00866
Page edit log
- Aleksander Kubica (2022-05-16) — most recent
- Victor V. Albert (2022-05-16)
Cite as:
“3D surface code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/3d_surface