Hamiltonian-based code
Description
Encoding corresponds to a set of energy eigenstates of a quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian. The codespace is typically a set of low-energy eigenstates or ground states, but can include subspaces of arbitrarily high energy.
When the physical space is a tensor product of subsystems, the Hamiltonian is typically local, consisting of operators acting on a number of subsystems that is independent of the total number of subsystems (e.g., QLDPC codes). When the physical space is endowed with a geometry, the Hamiltonian is typically geometrically local, consisting of operators acting on subsystems that occupy a region whose size is independent of the number of subsystems (e.g., topological codes). When the terms in a geometrically local Hamiltonian commute and can be expressed as projectors (i.e., having eigenvalues 0 or 1), the Hamiltonian is called commuting-projector.
Protection
Often determined from the underlying physical properties of the Hamiltonian.
Encoding
Lindbladian-based dissipative encoding can be constructed for a codespace that is the ground-state subspace of a frustration-free Hamiltonian [1][2][3][4].
Parent
Children
- Matrix-model code — Matrix-model codewords for simple codes are eigenstates of a matrix-model Hamiltonian.
- Quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) code — QLDPC codespaces are ground-state subspaces of a local Hamiltonian consisting of commuting terms.
- Constant-excitation (CE) code — Constant-excitation codes are associated with a Hamiltonian governing the total excitations of the system.
- Fracton code — Codespace is the ground-state subspace of a geometrically local commuting-projector Hamiltonian admitting a fracton phase.
- Quantum locally testable code (QLTC) — Quantum LTC codespaces are ground-state spaces of \(u\)-local Hamiltonians.
- Topological code — Codespace is either the ground-state or low-energy subspace of a geometrically local Hamiltonian admitting a topological phase.
- Self-correcting quantum code
- Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) code — ETH codewords are eigenstates of a local Hamiltonian whose eigenstates satisfy ETH.
- Movassagh-Ouyang Hamiltonian code — Movassagh-Ouyang codes reside in the ground space of a Hamiltonian.
- Matrix-product state (MPS) code — MPS codewords are low-energy excited states of a local Hamiltonian.
Cousins
- Two-component cat code — The two-legged cat code forms the ground-state subspace of a Kerr Hamiltonian [5].
- Pair-cat code — Two-legged pair-cat codewords form ground-state subspace of a multimode Kerr Hamiltonian.
- Error-corrected sensing code — Metrologically optimal codes admit a \(U(1)\) set of gates generated by a signal Hamiltonian \(H\), meaning that there exists a basis of codewords that are eigenstates of the \(H\).
- Tetron Majorana code — The tetron code forms the ground-state subspace of two Kitaev Majorana chain Hamiltonians.
- Qubit stabilizer code — Codespace is the ground-state space of the code Hamiltonian, which consists of an equal linear combination of stabilizer generators and which can be made into a commuting projector Hamiltonian.
- Quantum repetition code — Bit-flip codespace is the ground-state space of a one-dimensional classical Ising model with nearest-neighbor interactions.
- Five-qubit perfect code — The five-qubit code Hamiltonian is local when expressed in terms of mutually commuting Majorana operators [6].
- Bacon-Shor code — The 2D Bacon-Shor code Hamiltonian is the compass model [7][8].
- GNU permutation-invariant code — GNU codes lie within the ground state of ferromagnetic Heisenberg models without an external magnetic field [9].
References
- [1]
- F. Ticozzi and L. Viola, “Analysis and synthesis of attractive quantum Markovian dynamics”, (2008) arXiv:0809.0613
- [2]
- F. Ticozzi and L. Viola, “Stabilizing entangled states with quasi-local quantum dynamical semigroups”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, 5259 (2012) arXiv:1112.4860 DOI
- [3]
- F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, and J. I. Cirac, “Quantum computation, quantum state engineering, and quantum phase transitions driven by dissipation”, (2008) arXiv:0803.1447
- [4]
- V. V. Albert, “Lindbladians with multiple steady states: theory and applications”, (2018) arXiv:1802.00010
- [5]
- S. Puri, S. Boutin, and A. Blais, “Engineering the quantum states of light in a Kerr-nonlinear resonator by two-photon driving”, npj Quantum Information 3, (2017) arXiv:1605.09408 DOI
- [6]
- Aleksander Kubica, private communication, 2019
- [7]
- K. I. Kugel’ and D. I. Khomskiĭ, “The Jahn-Teller effect and magnetism: transition metal compounds”, Soviet Physics Uspekhi 25, 231 (1982) DOI
- [8]
- J. Dorier, F. Becca, and F. Mila, “Quantum compass model on the square lattice”, Physical Review B 72, (2005) arXiv:cond-mat/0501708 DOI
- [9]
- Y. Ouyang, “Quantum storage in quantum ferromagnets”, Physical Review B 103, (2021) arXiv:1904.01458 DOI
Page edit log
- Victor V. Albert (2022-02-15) — most recent
Cite as:
“Hamiltonian-based code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/hamiltonian