Quantum-double code[1]
Description
Group-GKP stabilizer code whose codewords realize 2D modular gapped topological order defined by a finite group \(G\). The code's generators are few-body operators associated to the stars and plaquettes, respectively, of a tessellation of a two-dimensional surface (with a qudit of dimension \( |G| \) located at each edge of the tesselation).
The physical Hilbert space has dimension \( |G|^E \), where \( E \) is the number of edges in the tessellation. The dimension of the code space is the number of orbits of the conjugation action of \( G \) on \( \text{Hom}(\pi_1(\Sigma),G) \), the set of group homomorphisms from the fundamental group of the surface \( \Sigma \) into the finite group \( G \) [2]. When \( G \) is Abelian, the formula for the dimension simplifies to \( |G|^{2g} \), where \( g \) is the genus of the surface \( \Sigma \).
The codespace is the ground-state subspace of the quantum double model Hamiltonian, while local excitations are characterized by anyons. Different types of anyons are labeled by irreducible representations of the group's quantum double algebra, \(D(G)\) (a.k.a. Drinfield center) [3,4]. Not all isomorphic non-Abelian groups give rise to different quantum doubles [5].
For non-Abelian groups, alternative constructions are possible, encoding information in the fusion space of the low-energy anyonic quasiparticle excitations of the model [6–8]. The fusion space of such non-Abelian anyons has dimension greater than one, allowing for topological quantum computation of logical information stored in the fusion outcomes.
Gapped boundaries of the models are classified by a subgroup \(K \subseteq G\) and a two-cocycle [3,9–11].
Protection
Error-correcting properties established in Ref. [2]. The code distance is the number of edges in the shortest non contractible cycle in the tesselation or dual tesselation [12]. These models realize local topological order (LTO) [13].Encoding
A depth-\(L^2\) circuit that grows the code out of a small patch on an \(L\times L\) square lattice using CMULT gates (i.e., "local moves") [14,15].For an \(L\times L\) lattice, deterministic state preparation can be done with a geometrically local unitary \(O(L)\)-depth circuit [15,16] or an \(O(\log{L})\)-depth unitary circuit with non-local two-qubit gates [14,17].For any group \(G\) of nilpotency class two, states can be initialized with a single round of adaptive measurements [18].For any solvable group \(G\), ground-state preparation and anyon-pair creation can be done with an adaptive constant-depth circuit with geometrically local gates and measurements throughout [19,20] (see Ref. [21] for specific dihedral groups). Anyon-pair creation requires an adaptive circuit for any non-Abelian \(G\) [20].For non-solvable groups, states may not be preparable with an adaptive constant-depth circuit with geometrically local gates and measurements throughout [18].Decoding
For any solvable group \(G\), topological charge measurements can be done with an adaptive constant-depth circuit with geometrically local gates and measurements throughout [20].Code Capacity Threshold
Behavior under particular \(X\)-type noise (namely, diffusion of an anyon that squares to the trivial anyon) is related to the phase diagram of a disordered \(D_4\) rotor model [22,23].Notes
See Ref. [24] for a review of gauge theory, which admits quantum-double topological phases.Cousins
- Hamiltonian-based code— Quantum double code Hamiltonians can be simulated, with the help of perturbation theory and the \([[4,1,1,2]]\) subsystem code, by two-dimensional two-body Hamiltonians with non-commuting terms [25].
- Subsystem QECC— Subsystem versions of quantum-double codes have been formulated [26].
- Two-gauge theory code— Restricting 2-gauge theory constructions to a 2D manifold and replacing the 2-group with a group reproduces the phase of the Kitaev quantum double model [27].
- \([[4,1,1,2]]\) Four-qubit subsystem code— Quantum double code Hamiltonians can be simulated, with the help of perturbation theory and the four-qubit subsystem code, by two-dimensional two-body Hamiltonians with non-commuting terms [25].
- Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) code— The \(Q\) quantum double model can be obtained by gauging [28–37] symmetries of a Type I and Type III \(\mathbb{Z}_2^3\) SPT [38,39].
- Abelian TQD code— A Type-III \(\mathbb{Z}_2^3\) TQD realizes the same topological order as the \(G=D_4\) quantum double model [40–42]. There is a sufficient condition for when a Type-III TQD can be realized as a quantum double model [43].
- Generalized 2D color code— Generalized color code for group \(G\) on the 4.8.8 lattice is equivalent to a \(G\) quantum double model and another \(G/[G,G]\) quantum double model defined using the Abelianization of \(G\).
- Kitaev surface code— A quantum-double model with \(G=\mathbb{Z}_2\) is the surface code. Non-stabilizer surface-code states can be prepared by augmenting the surface code with a quantum double model [44,45].
Primary Hierarchy
Parents
Quantum-double Hamiltonians can be expressed in terms of \(X\)- and \(Z\)-type operators of group-GKP codes; see [46; Sec. 3.3].
The anyon theory corresponding to a quantum-double code is a TQD with trivial cocycle.
Hopf-algebra quantum-double codes reduce to quantum-double codes when the Hopf algebra is a group algebra. Quantum-double codes for non-Abelian groups \(G\) are dual to Hopf-algebra quantum-double codes for Hopf algebras based on \(\text{Rep}(G)\) under the Tannaka-Krein duality [47][48; Fig. 1].
Quantum-double code
Children
The four group-qudit code is the smallest quantum double code.
The anyon theory corresponding to (Abelian) quantum double codes is defined by an (Abelian) group.
A Galois qudit for \(q=p^m\) can be decomposed into a Kronecker product of \(m\) modular qudits [49,51–53][50; Sec. 5.3]. Galois-qudit color codes yield Abelian quantum-double codes with Abelian-group topological order via this decomposition.
A Galois qudit for \(q=p^m\) can be decomposed into a Kronecker product of \(m\) modular qudits [49,51–53][50; Sec. 5.3]. Galois-qudit surface codes yield Abelian quantum-double codes with \(GF(p^m)\cong \mathbb{Z}_p^m\) topological order via this decomposition.
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Page edit log
- Victor V. Albert (2022-06-05) — most recent
- Victor V. Albert (2022-01-03)
- Ian Teixeira (2021-12-19)
Cite as:
“Quantum-double code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/quantum_double