Generalized surface code[1–3] 

Description

Also called the \(D\)-dimensional surface or \(D\)-dimensional toric code. CSS-type extenstion of the Kitaev surface code to arbitrary \(D\)-dimensional manifolds. The 4D surface code serves as a self-correcting quantum memory, while surface codes in higher dimensions can have distances not possible in lower dimensions.

Given a cellulation of a manifold, qubits are put on \(i\)-dimensional faces, \(X\)-type stabilizers are associated with \((i-1)\)-faces, while \(Z\)-type stabilizers are associated with \((i+1)\)-faces.

Rate

Rate depends on the underlying cellulation and manifold [1,4]. For general 2D manifolds, \(kd^2\leq c(\log k)^2 n\) for some constant \(c\) [5], meaning that (1) 2D surface codes with bounded geometry have distance scaling at most as \(O(\sqrt{n})\) [6,7], and (2) surface codes with finite rate can only achieve an asymptotic minimum distance that is logarithmic in \(n\). Higher-dimensional manifolds yield distances scaling more favorably. Loewner's theorem provides an upper bound for any bounded-geometry surface code [2].

Decoding

Improved BP-OSD decoder [8].

Threshold

Phenomenological noise model for the 4D toric code: \(4.3\%\) under improved BP-OSD decoder [8].

Notes

2D and 3D surface code visualization tool.

Parents

  • Qubit CSS code
  • Generalized homological-product CSS code — The generalized surface code is constructed from chain complexes arising from cell complexes of the underlying manifold. Such complexes are not necessarily products of two non-trivial complexes, but the manifolds are picked so that their homology ensures favorable code properties.

Children

Cousins

  • Self-correcting quantum code — The 4D toric code is a self-correcting quantum memory [1,9].
  • Color code — The color code on a \(D\)-dimensional closed manifold is equivalent to multiple decoupled copies of the \(D-1\)-dimensional surface code [10–12].
  • Haah cubic code — The energy of any partial implementation of code 1 is proportional to the boundary length similar to the 4D toric code, which can potentially surpress the effects of thermal errors, but it is currently an open problem.

References

[1]
E. Dennis et al., “Topological quantum memory”, Journal of Mathematical Physics 43, 4452 (2002) arXiv:quant-ph/0110143 DOI
[2]
“Z2-systolic freedom and quantum codes”, Mathematics of Quantum Computation 303 (2002) DOI
[3]
G. Zémor, “On Cayley Graphs, Surface Codes, and the Limits of Homological Coding for Quantum Error Correction”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 259 (2009) DOI
[4]
N. Delfosse, P. Iyer, and D. Poulin, “Generalized surface codes and packing of logical qubits”, (2016) arXiv:1606.07116
[5]
N. Delfosse, “Tradeoffs for reliable quantum information storage in surface codes and color codes”, 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (2013) arXiv:1301.6588 DOI
[6]
S. Bravyi, D. Poulin, and B. Terhal, “Tradeoffs for Reliable Quantum Information Storage in 2D Systems”, Physical Review Letters 104, (2010) arXiv:0909.5200 DOI
[7]
E. Fetaya, “Bounding the distance of quantum surface codes”, Journal of Mathematical Physics 53, 062202 (2012) DOI
[8]
O. Higgott and N. P. Breuckmann, “Improved Single-Shot Decoding of Higher-Dimensional Hypergraph-Product Codes”, PRX Quantum 4, (2023) arXiv:2206.03122 DOI
[9]
R. Alicki et al., “On thermal stability of topological qubit in Kitaev’s 4D model”, (2008) arXiv:0811.0033
[10]
B. Yoshida, “Classification of quantum phases and topology of logical operators in an exactly solved model of quantum codes”, Annals of Physics 326, 15 (2011) arXiv:1007.4601 DOI
[11]
A. Kubica, B. Yoshida, and F. Pastawski, “Unfolding the color code”, New Journal of Physics 17, 083026 (2015) arXiv:1503.02065 DOI
[12]
A. B. Aloshious, A. N. Bhagoji, and P. K. Sarvepalli, “On the Local Equivalence of 2D Color Codes and Surface Codes with Applications”, (2018) arXiv:1804.00866
Page edit log

Your contribution is welcome!

on github.com (edit & pull request)

edit on this site

Zoo Code ID: higher_dimensional_surface

Cite as:
“Generalized surface code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/higher_dimensional_surface
BibTeX:
@incollection{eczoo_higher_dimensional_surface,
  title={Generalized surface code},
  booktitle={The Error Correction Zoo},
  year={2022},
  editor={Albert, Victor V. and Faist, Philippe},
  url={https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/higher_dimensional_surface}
}
Share via:
Twitter | Mastodon |  | E-mail
Permanent link:
https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/higher_dimensional_surface

Cite as:

“Generalized surface code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/higher_dimensional_surface

Github: https://github.com/errorcorrectionzoo/eczoo_data/tree/main/codes/quantum/qubits/stabilizer/topological/surface/higher_dimensional_surface.yml.