Lattice stabilizer code

Lattice stabilizer code[1–4]

Alternative names: Topological stabilizer code.

Description

A geometrically local stabilizer code with sites organized on a lattice modeled by the additive group \(\mathbb{Z}^D\) for spatial dimension \(D\). On an infinite lattice, its stabilizer group is generated by few-site Pauli-type operators and their translations, in which case the code is called translationally invariant stabilizer code. Boundary conditions have to be imposed on the lattice in order to obtain finite-dimensional versions. Lattice defects and boundaries between different codes can also be introduced.

Modular- and Galois-qudit lattice stabilizer codes

Translationally-invariant prime-qudit (\(q=p\)) stabilizer codes with \(m\) qudits per unit cell have been classified in dimensions \(D\in\{1,2\}\) in the thermodynamic limit, up to equivalence under local constant-depth Clifford circuits. Any 1D (2D) code can be converted to several copies of the 1D repetition code (prime-qudit 2D surface code) along with some trivial codes [5] ([6]). See 3D lattice stabilizer code entry for the 3D classification.

Pauli-to-polynomial mapping: A single modular- or Galois-qudit Pauli operator can be specified by the lattice coordinate of the site and the symplectic vector representation of the Pauli operator within the site. In an extension of the sympletic representation, each lattice coordinate can be represented by a Laurent monomial of \(D\) formal variables. For example, when \(D=2\) and \(m=1\), the product of an \(X\) acting on the qubit at lattice coordinate \((-1,2)\) and a \(Z\) acting on the qubit at \((1,0)\) can be represented by the vector \( (x^{-1} y^2 | x) \). The multiplicative group of finitely supported Pauli operators modulo phase factors on the lattice of dimension \(D\) with \(m\) prime-dimensional qubits per site is isomorphic to the additive group of Laurent polynomial column vectors of length \(2m\) in \(D\) formal variables (see Ref. [5] and Sec. IV of Ref. [7]).

For periodic boundary conditions, this mapping can be thought of as a quantum extension of the cyclic-to-polynomial correspondence. For open boundary conditions, this mapping extends the mapping used in quantum convolutional codes to multiple spatial dimensions.

Bosonic lattice stabilizer codes

Bosonic lattice stabilizer codes can contain discrete or continuous subgroups and can admit logical qudit and/or oscillator logical subspaces. Such codes can realize topological phases of matter that are expected not to be realizable with qudit stabilizer codes [4].

Protection

A quantity called the recoverable information, defined for lattice stabilizer codes, is a measure of the non-locality of the encoding that is complementary to the topological entanglement entropy [8].

Rate

BPT bound: Qubit stabilizer code parameters on \(D\)-dimensional Euclidean lattices are limited by the Bravyi-Poulin-Terhal (BPT) bound [9] (see also [10–12]), which states that \(d = O(n^{1-1/D})\) (the original Bravyi-Terhal (BT) bound [10]) and that \(k d^{2/(D-1)} = O(n)\) (using asymptotic notation). Codes on a \(D\)-dimensional homogeneous Riemannian manifold with diameter \(L\) satisfy \(k = O(L^{D-2})\) [13]. Some non-locality is necessary to circumvent these bounds [14]. The bound does not apply to stabilizer circuits: a fault-tolerant quantum computation scheme exists for a 1D qubit lattice with nearest-neighbor connectivity [15]. Codes for \(D < 2\) have constant distance [16].

Gates

Bravyi-Koenig bound: Logical gates implemented via constant-depth quantum circuits on a \(D\)-dimensional lattice stabilizer code whose distance increases at least logarithmically with \(n\) lie in the \(D\)th level of the Clifford hierarchy [17]. A refinement can be made that expresses the bound in terms of higher-group symmetries of the topological phases underlying the codes [18; Sec. 5.4.2]. Conversely, the distance of a code on an \(L^{D}\) lattice is upper bounded by order \(O(L^{D+1-\nu})\) if the code implements an \(\nu\)th-level Clifford hierarchy gate [19]. The code capacity threshold of such a code family is upper bounded by \(1/\nu\) [19].

Decoding

A local automaton decoder (a.k.a. measurement-free local error correction) applies local rules to each small region of sites in a lattice geometry. Such decoders do not require any potentially non-local classical post-processing of error syndromes.Clustering decoder [20,21].Quantum neural-network (QNN) decoder [22].Almost linear-time decoder [23].

Cousins

Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) code— Lattice CSS codes in \(D\) dimensions can be converted in SPT Hamiltonians in one less dimension [24].
Quantum LDPC (QLDPC) code— Chain complexes describing some QLDPC codes [25,26], and, more generally, CSS codes [27] can be 'lifted' into higher-dimensional manifolds admitting some notion of geometric locality. In addition, chain complexes describing QLDPC codes can be converted to 2D lattice stabilizer codes [28].
Good QLDPC code— Chain complexes describing some QLDPC codes [25,26], and, more generally, CSS codes [27] can be 'lifted' into higher-dimensional manifolds admitting some notion of geometric locality. Applying this procedure to good QLDPC codes yiels \([[n,n^{1-2/D},n^{1-1/D}]]\) lattice stabilizer codes in \(D\) spatial dimensions that saturate the BPT bound [26,28,29].
Lattice subsystem code— Lattice subsystem codes reduce to lattice stabilizer codes when there are no gauge qudits. The former (latter) is required to admit few-site gauge-group (stabilizer-group) generators on a lattice with boundary conditions.
Cluster-state code— Cluster states defined on various lattices are representatives of SPT phases, and states realizing these phases can be resources for MBQC. In 1D, cluster states are examples of SPT phases with global symmetries [30–34] and enable MBQC on a single qubit [35,36]. The square-lattice cluster state, which is the prototypical resource for universal MBQC [35,36], and other 2D cluster states [37–39] have SPT order protected by subsystem symmetries [37,40,41]. States like AKLT states and SPT fixed-point states can be efficiently converted into cluster states using local measurements and subsequently used as resources for MBQC [31,42–46]. In 3D, cluster states belong to SPT phases protected by higher-form symmetries [47] and enable universal fault-tolerant MBQC [48]. A cluster-like state, or a state that is in the same SPT phase as a cluster state, can be prepared in finite time [49]. Cluster states can be created on various lattices [50].
Qubit CSS code— The mapping of qubit CSS codes to chain complexes allows the application of structures from topology to error correction. Chain complexes describing some QLDPC codes [25,26], and, more generally, CSS codes [27] can be 'lifted' into higher-dimensional manifolds admitting some notion of geometric locality. Qubit CSS codes admit several dualities [51,52].
Modular-qudit dynamical code— Dynamical codes are typically defined on 2D and 3D lattices, but they are not conventional stabilizer codes in that they use code switching for error correction and gates.

Member of code lists

Primary Hierarchy

Quantum Domain

Quantum code

Operator-algebra QECC (OAQECC)

Quantum error-correcting code (QECC)

Hamiltonian-based code

Commuting-projector Hamiltonian code

Stabilizer codeHamiltonian-based QECC Quantum

Quantum low-weight check (QLWC) codeQECC Quantum

Quantum LDPC (QLDPC) codeQECC Quantum

Quasi-cyclic QLDPC (QC-QLDPC) codeQECC Quantum

Parents

Quasi-cyclic QLDPC (QC-QLDPC) code

Lattice stabilizer codes are QLDPC codes that are invariant under translations by a lattice unit cell.

Lattice stabilizer code

Children

Kitaev current-mirror qubit code

2D lattice stabilizer codeBB Twist-defect color Twist-defect surface CDSC Kitaev surface

Log-depth Clifford-circuit code

Log-depth Clifford circuits on a 1D geometry yield approximate codes whose encoding rate achieves the hashing bound for Pauli noise and the channel capacity for erasure errors [53].

Crystalline-circuit qubit code

Transverse-field Ising model (TFIM) code

Quantum convolutional code

Quantum convolutional codes are lattice stabilizer codes on an semi-infinite or infinite lattice in one dimension [54]. Some notions may be extendable to non-stabilizer codes [55; Sec. 4]. Any prime-qudit code can be converted using a constant-depth Clifford circuit to several copies of the 1D repetition code along with some trivial codes [5].

Quantum spatially coupled (SC-QLDPC) code

Stabilizer generator matrices of SC-QLDPC codes on infinite-length chains or grids define a class of lattice stabilizer codes.

\((1,3)\) 4D toric code

Loop toric code

3D lattice stabilizer codeFracton stabilizer

Modular-qudit color code

Modular-qudit color codes are defined analogous to qubit color codes on suitable lattices of any spatial dimension, but a directionality is required in order to make the modular-qudit stabilizers commute [56; Sec. III].

Generalized bicycle (GB) code

GB codes with check polynomials of weight \(w\) map to local codes in \(D \leq w\) Euclidean dimensions [57; Statement 11][58; Sec. II.A].

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Victor V. Albert (2022-05-15) — most recent
Tony Lau (2022-04-02)

Cite as:

“Lattice stabilizer code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/translationally_invariant_stabilizer

Github: https://github.com/errorcorrectionzoo/eczoo_data/edit/main/codes/quantum/properties/stabilizer/lattice/translationally_invariant_stabilizer.yml.