Here is a list of codes related to concatenated quantum codes.
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| Analog repetition code | An \([[n,1]]_{\mathbb{R}}\) analog stabilizer version of the quantum repetition code, encoding the position states of one mode into an odd number \(n\) of modes. |
| Auxiliary qubit mapping (AQM) code | A concatenation of the JW transformation code with a qubit stabilizer code. |
| Cat code | Rotation-symmetric bosonic Fock-state code encoding a \(q\)-dimensional qudit into one oscillator which utilizes a constellation of \(q(S+1)\) coherent states distributed equidistantly around a circle in phase space of radius \(\alpha\). |
| Cat-repetition code | A concatenated qubit-into-\(n\)-mode code obtained by encoding each qubit of a quantum repetition code into a two-component cat code in its cat-state basis. |
| Codeword stabilized (CWS) code | A code defined using a cluster state and a set of \(Z\)-type Pauli strings defined by a binary classical code. |
| Coherent-state repetition code | A concatenated qubit-into-\(n\)-mode code (for odd \(n\)) whose inner code is a quantum repetition code and whose outer code is the two-component cat code in its coherent-state basis. |
| Concatenated GKP code | A concatenated code whose outer code is a GKP code. In other words, a bosonic code that can be thought of as a concatenation of an arbitrary inner code and another bosonic outer code. Most examples encode physical qubits of an inner stabilizer code into the square-lattice GKP code. |
| Concatenated Steane code | A member of the family of \([[7^m,1,3^m]]\) CSS codes, each of which is a recursive level-\(m\) concatenation of the Steane code. This family is one of the first to admit a concatenated threshold [1–5]. |
| Concatenated bosonic code | A concatenated code whose outer code is a bosonic code. In other words, a bosonic code that can be thought of as a concatenation of a possibly non-bosonic inner code and a bosonic outer code. |
| Concatenated c-q code | A c-q code constructed out of two classical or quantum codes for the purposes of transmission of classical information over quantum channels. |
| Concatenated cat code | A concatenated code obtained by encoding the physical qubits of an inner qubit code into cat-code states. Most examples concatenate a qubit stabilizer code with the two-component cat code in its cat-state basis. |
| Concatenated code | A code whose encoding mapping is a composition of two mappings: first the message set is mapped onto the code space of the outer code, then each coordinate of the outer code is mapped onto the code space of the inner code. In the basic construction, the outer code’s alphabet is the finite field \(\mathbb{F}_{p^m}\) and the \(m\)-dimensional inner code is over the field \(\mathbb{F}_p\). The construction is not limited to linear codes. |
| Concatenated quantum code | A combination of two quantum codes, an inner code \(C_{\text{in}}\) and an outer code \(C_{\text{out}}\), where the physical subspace used for the inner code consists of the logical subspace of the outer code. In other words, one first encodes in the inner code, and then encodes each of its physical registers in the outer code. An inner \(C_{\text{in}} = ((n_1,K,d_1))_{q_1}\) and outer \(C_{\text{out}} = ((n_2,q_1,d_2))_{q_2}\) block quantum code yield an \(((n_1 n_2, K, d \geq d_1d_2))_{q_2}\) concatenated block quantum code [6]. |
| Concatenated qubit code | A concatenated code whose outer code is a qubit code. In other words, a qubit code that can be thought of as a concatenation of an inner qubit code and an outer qubit code. An inner \(C_{\text{in}} = ((n_1,K,d_1))\) and outer \(C_{\text{out}} = ((n_2,2,d_2))\) qubit code yield an \(((n_1 n_2, K, d \geq d_1d_2))\) concatenated qubit code. |
| EA Galois-qudit stabilizer code | A Galois-qudit stabilizer code constructed using a variation of the stabilizer formalism designed to utilize pre-shared entanglement between sender and receiver. A code is typically denoted as \([[n,k;e]]_q\) or \([[n,k,d;e]]_q\), where \(d\) is the distance of the EA code and \(e\) is the number of required pre-shared maximally entangled Galois-qudit states. |
| GKP-surface code | A concatenated code whose outer code is a GKP code and whose inner code is a surface code, including toric surface-code variants [7,8], rotated surface codes [9–12], and XZZX surface codes [13]. |
| Galois-qudit GRS code | True \(q\)-Galois-qudit stabilizer code constructed from GRS codes via either the Hermitian construction [14–16] or the Galois-qudit CSS construction [17,18]. |
| Galois-qudit RS code | A Galois-qudit CSS code family (with \(q>n\)) constructed using two RS codes over \(\mathbb{F}_q\). |
| Group-based QPC | An \([[m r,1,\min(m,r)]]_G\) generalization of the QPC. |
| Group-based quantum repetition code | An \([[n,1]]_G\) generalization of the quantum repetition code. |
| Hierarchical code | Member of a family of \([[n,k,d]]\) qubit stabilizer codes resulting from a concatenation of a constant-rate QLDPC code with a rotated surface code. Concatenation allows for syndrome extraction to be performed on a 2D geometry while maintaining a threshold at the expense of a logarithmically vanishing rate. The growing syndrome extraction circuit depth allows known bounds in the literature to be weakened [19,20]. |
| Jordan-Wigner transformation code | A mapping between qubit Pauli strings and Majorana operators that can be thought of as a trivial \([[n,n]]\) code. The mapping is best described as converting a chain of \(n\) qubits into a chain of \(2n\) Majorana modes (i.e., \(n\) fermionic modes). It maps Majorana operators into Pauli strings of weight \(O(n)\). |
| Modular-qudit CWS code | A CWS code for modular qudits, defined using a modular-qudit cluster state and a set of modular-qudit \(Z\)-type Pauli strings defined by a \(q\)-ary classical code over \(\mathbb{Z}_q\). |
| Quantum multi-dimensional parity-check (QMDPC) code | High-rate low-distance CSS code whose qubits lie on a \(D\)-dimensional rectangle, with \(X\)-type stabilizer generators defined on each \(D-1\)-dimensional rectangle. The \(Z\)-type stabilizer generators are defined via permutations in order to commute with the \(X\)-type generators. |
| Quantum parity code (QPC) | A \([[m_1 m_2,1,\min(m_1,m_2)]]\) CSS code family obtained from concatenating an \(m_1\)-qubit bit-flip repetition code with an \(m_2\)-qubit phase-flip repetition code. |
| Quantum repetition code | Encodes \(1\) qubit into \(n\) qubits according to \(|0\rangle\to|\phi_0\rangle^{\otimes n}\) and \(|1\rangle\to|\phi_1\rangle^{\otimes n}\). The code is called a bit-flip code when \(|\phi_i\rangle = |i\rangle\), and a phase-flip code when \(|\phi_0\rangle = |+\rangle\) and \(|\phi_1\rangle = |-\rangle\). |
| Quantum turbo code | A quantum version of the turbo code, obtained from an interleaved serial quantum concatenation [21; Def. 30] of quantum convolutional codes. The interleaver induces long-range entanglement and can increase the minimum distance relative to the constituent convolutional codes [22]. |
| Rotated surface code | Variant of the surface code defined on a square lattice that has been rotated 45 degrees such that qubits are on vertices, and both \(X\)- and \(Z\)-type check operators occupy plaquettes in an alternating checkerboard pattern. |
| Rotor GKP code | GKP code protecting against small angular position and momentum shifts of a planar rotor. |
| Self-correcting quantum code | A block quantum code that forms the ground-state subspace of an \(n\)-body geometrically local Hamiltonian whose logical information is recoverable for arbitrary long times in the \(n\to\infty\) limit after interaction with a sufficiently cold thermal environment. Typically, one also requires a decoder whose decoding time scales polynomially with \(n\) and a finite energy density. |
| Tetron code | A \([[2,1,2]]_{f}\) Majorana box qubit encoding a logical qubit into four Majorana modes, equivalently into the fixed-total-parity sector of two physical fermionic modes. Four Majorana zero modes are the smallest aggregate that supports a qubit in a fixed fermion-parity sector [23]. This code can be concatenated with various qubit codes such as surface codes and color codes. Four-boundary Majorana surface-code patches are logical tetrons, i.e., higher-distance analogues of this physical tetron block [24]. |
| Two-component cat code | Code whose codespace is spanned by two coherent states \(\left|\pm\alpha\right\rangle\) for nonzero complex \(\alpha\). |
| XYZ\(^2\) hexagonal stabilizer code | An instance of the matching code based on the Kitaev honeycomb model. It is described on a honeycomb tiling with \(XYZXYZ\) stabilizers on each hexagonal plaquette. Each vertical pair of qubits has an \(XX\), \(YY\), or \(ZZ\) link stabilizer depending on the orientation of the plaquette stabilizers. |
| Yoked surface code | Member of a family of \([[n,k,d]]\) qubit CSS codes resulting from a concatenation of a QMDPC code with a rotated surface code. Concatenation does not impose additional connectivity constraints and can triple the number of logical qubits per physical qubit when compared to the original surface code. Concatenation with 1D (2D) QMDPC yields codes with twice (four times) the distance. Using the concatenation convention of the Zoo, the stabilizer generators of the inner QMDPC code are referred to as yokes in this context; the cited paper [25] uses the opposite inner/outer terminology. |
| \(D_4\) hyper-diamond GKP code | Two-mode GKP qubit-into-oscillator code based on the \(D_4\) hyper-diamond lattice [26]. |
| \([[12,2,4]]\) carbon code | Twelve-qubit CSS code based on Knill’s \(C_4/C_6\) scheme [27]. Using the concatenation convention of the Zoo, the carbon code can be viewed as a block concatenation with inner code \([[4,2,2]]\) and outer code \(C_6\): three inner \([[4,2,2]]\) blocks encode six intermediate qubits, which are then encoded into two logical qubits by the outer \([[6,2,2]]\) code. |
| \([[2m,2m-2,2]]\) error-detecting code | Self-complementary CSS code for \(m\geq 2\) with generators \(\{XX\cdots X, ZZ\cdots Z\} \) acting on all \(2m\) physical qubits. The code is constructed via the CSS construction from an SPC code and a repetition code [28; Sec. III]. This is the highest-rate distance-two code when an even number of qubits is used [29]. |
| \([[4,1,2]]\) Leung-Nielsen-Chuang-Yamamoto (LNCY) code | A four-qubit CSS stabilizer code that is the only qubit CSS code with such parameters [30; ID 6]. |
| \([[4,2,2]]\) Four-qubit code | A four-qubit hyperbolic self-dual CSS stabilizer code that is the smallest two-logical-qubit stabilizer code to detect a single-qubit error. It is unique for its parameters [31; Thm. 8][30; ID 9]. |
| \([[4,2,2]]_{G}\) four group-qudit code | \([[4,2,2]]_{G}\) group quantum code that is an extension of the four-qubit code to group-valued qudits. |
| \([[5,1,2]]\) rotated surface code | Rotated surface code on one rung of a ladder, with one qubit on the rung, and four qubits surrounding it. |
| \([[6,4,2]]\) error-detecting code | Error-detecting six-qubit code with rate \(2/3\) whose codewords are cat/GHZ states. A set of stabilizer generators is \(XXXXXX\) and \(ZZZZZZ\). It is the unique code for its parameters, up to equivalence [29; Tab. III]. Concatenations of this code with itself yield the \([[6^r,4^r,2^r]]\) level-\(r\) many-hypercube code [32]. |
| \([[7,1,3]]\) Steane code | A \([[7,1,3]]\) self-dual CSS code that is the smallest qubit CSS code to correct a single-qubit error [33][30; ID 226]. The code is constructed using the classical binary \([7,4,3]\) Hamming code for protecting against both \(X\) and \(Z\) errors. |
| \([[9,1,3]]\) Shor code | Nine-qubit CSS code that is the first quantum error-correcting code. Among indecomposable \([[9,1,3]]\) CSS codes, the Shor code has the largest automorphism group [30]. |
| \([[9,1,3]]\) Surface-17 code | A \([[9,1,3]]\) rotated surface code named for the sum of its 9 data qubits and 8 syndrome qubits. It is one of the four inequivalent CSS gauge fixings of the nine-qubit Bacon-Shor code [30]. It uses the smallest number of qubits to perform fault-tolerant error correction on a surface code with parallel syndrome extraction. |
| \([[9,1,3]]_{\mathbb{R}}\) Lloyd-Slotine code | An analog stabilizer version of Shor’s nine-qubit code, encoding one mode into nine and correcting arbitrary errors on any one mode. |
| \([[9,1,3]]_{\mathbb{Z}_q}\) modular-qudit code | Modular-qudit CSS code that generalizes the \([[9,1,3]]\) Shor code to \(q\)-level systems. |
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