Reed-Muller (RM) code[1–3] 

Description

Member of the RM\((r,m)\) family of linear binary codes derived from multivariate polynomials. The code parameters are \([2^m,\sum_{j=0}^{r} {m \choose j},2^{m-r}]\), where \(r\) is the order of the code satisfying \(0\leq r\leq m\). First-order RM codes are also called biorthogonal codes, while \(m\)th order RM codes are also called universe codes. Punctured RM codes RM\(^*(r,m)\) are obtained from RM codes by deleting one or more coordinates from each codeword.

Generator matrices of RM codes are constructed using the \((u|u+v)\) construction by starting from the \(2^m\)-dimensional matrix \(F^{(m)}=\left(\begin{smallmatrix}1 & 0\\ 1 & 1 \end{smallmatrix}\right)^{\otimes m}\), labeling its rows top-to-bottom from \(0\) to \(2^m-1\), converting the labels to binary strings of length \(m\), and deleting all rows whose labels have a Hamming weight less than \(m-r\). The recursive nature of the tensor product in the matrix \(F^{(m)}\) implies that RM\((r,m)\) is a subcode of RM\((r+1,m)\).

Another way to generate RM codewords is to list all outcomes of all polynomials of \(m\) binary variables of degree at most \(r\) [4] (see also Ch. 13 of Ref. [5]).

Rate

Achieves capacity of the binary erasure channel [6] and the binary memoryless symmetric (BMS) channel under bitwise maximum-a-posteriori decoding [7]; see also Ref. [8].

Decoding

Reed decoder with \(r+1\)-step majority decoding corrects \(\frac{1}{2}(2^{m-r}-1)\) errors [1] (see also Ch. 13 of Ref. [5]).Sequential code-reduction decoding [9].First-order (\(r=1\)) RM codes admit specialized decoders [10].

Realizations

Deep-space communication [10,11]. For example, the \((32, 6, 16)\) RM code was used for the Mariner 9 spacecraft.

Notes

See Chs. 13-15 of Ref. [5] for details of RM codes and their variants.See Ref. [12] for the weight distribution of the \(2^{26}\) cosets of the \((32,6)\) first-order RM code, obtained in part by hand computation.

Parents

  • Linear binary code
  • \((u|u+v)\)-construction code — All RM codes can be constructed via the \((u|u+v)\) construction [5; Ch. 13].
  • Generalized RM (GRM) code — Binary GRM codes are RM codes.
  • Polynomial evaluation code — RM codes are multivariate polynomial evaluation codes with \(\cal X\) being the entire \(m\)-dimensional affine binary space ([13], pgs. 44-46; [14,15]).
  • Divisible code — An RM\((r,m)\) code is \(2^{\left\lceil m/r\right\rceil-1}\)-divisible, according to McEliece's theorem [16,17].
  • Group-algebra code — RM codes are group-algebra codes [18,19][20; Ex. 16.4.11]. Consider a binary vector space of dimension \( m \). Under addition, this forms a finite group with \( 2^m \) elements known as an elementary abelian 2-group -- the direct product of \( m \) two-element cyclic groups \( \mathbb{Z}_2 \times \dots \times \mathbb{Z}_2 \). Denote this group by \( G_m \). Let \( J \) be the Jacobson radical of the group algebra \( \mathbb{F}_2 G_m \), where \(\mathbb{F}_2=GF(2)\). RM\((r,m)\) codes correspond to the ideal \( J^{m-r} \). The length of the code is \( |G_m| = 2^m \), the distance is \( 2^{m-r} \), and the dimension is \( \sum_{i=0}^r {m \choose i} \). A similar construction exists for choices of a prime \( p\neq 2 \).

Children

Cousins

  • Binary BCH code — RM\(^*(r,m)\) codes are equivalent to subcodes of BCH codes of designed distance \(2^{m-r}-1\) while RM\((r,m)\) are subcodes of extended BCH codes of the same designed distance [5; Ch. 13].
  • Quaternary code over \(\mathbb{Z}_4\) — RM codes are images of linear quaternary codes over \(\mathbb{Z}_4\) under the Gray map [21; Sec. 6.3].
  • Dual linear code — The codes RM\((r,m)\) and RM\((m-r-1,m)\) are dual to each other.
  • Binary duadic code — Certain punctured RM codes such as RM\(^*(2,5)\) are duadic; see Ref. [22], Table 6.2.
  • Cyclic linear binary code — Punctured RM codes are cyclic ([5], Ch. 13, Thm. 11), making RM codes extended cyclic codes. RM codes with nonzero evaluation points are cyclic ([13], pg. 52).
  • Binary linear LTC — RM codes can be LTCs in the low- [23,24] and high-error [25] regimes.
  • Biorthogonal spherical code — The RM\((1,m)\) maps to a \((2^m,2^{m+1})\) biorthogonal spherical code under the antipodal mapping [26][27; Sec. 6.4][28; pg. 19].
  • Barnes-Wall (BW) lattice code — BW lattice codes are lattice analogues of RM codes in that both can be constructed recursively via a \(|u|u+v|\) construction [29,30].
  • \(\Lambda_{16}\) Barnes-Wall lattice code — The RM\((1,4)\) code can be used to obtain the \(\Lambda_{16}\) Barnes-Wall lattice code [28; Ex. 10.7.2].
  • Combinatorial design code — Fixed-weight RM codewords of weight less than \(2^m\) support combinatorial 3-designs [31; Ex. 5.2.7].
  • Hadamard code — The augmented Hadamard code is the RM\((1,m)\) code.
  • Polar code — RM codes rely on the same generator matrix, but place message bits in different coordinates. There are families interpolating between the two codes [32].
  • Simplex code — Binary simplex codes can be constructed from the generator matrix of RM\((1,k)\) by removing first the all-ones row, and then the all-zero column. Punctured RM codes and simplex codes are interconvertible via expurgation and augmentation ([5], pg. 31).
  • Majorana stabilizer code — Majorana stabilizer codes can be constructed by self-orthogonal RM codes [33]. These codes have the additional property that the global fermion parity is fixed in the codespace. In this family of codes, logical measurements are reduced to parity measurements of some subset of Majorana fermions in the code.
  • Quantum Reed-Muller code
  • Quantum divisible code — Quantum divisible codes can be constructed out of first-order RM codes.
  • \([[2^r, 2^r-r-2, 3]]\) quantum Hamming code — \([[2^r, 2^r-r-2, 3]]\) quantum Hamming code can be obtained from the CSS construction using a first-order \([2^r,r+1,2^{r-1}]\) RM code and a \([2^r,2^r-1,2]\) even-weight code [34].

References

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S. Kudekar et al., “Reed–Muller Codes Achieve Capacity on Erasure Channels”, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 63, 4298 (2017) DOI
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G. Reeves and H. D. Pfister, “Reed-Muller Codes Achieve Capacity on BMS Channels”, (2021) arXiv:2110.14631
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Zoo Code ID: reed_muller

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“Reed-Muller (RM) code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/reed_muller
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@incollection{eczoo_reed_muller, title={Reed-Muller (RM) code}, booktitle={The Error Correction Zoo}, year={2022}, editor={Albert, Victor V. and Faist, Philippe}, url={https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/reed_muller} }
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