Stabilizer code over \(GF(4)\)[1]

Description

An \([[n,k,d]]\) stabilizer code constructed from a quaternary classical code using the one-to-one correspondence between the four Pauli matrices \(\{I,X,Y,Z\}\) and the four elements \(\{0,1,\alpha^2,\alpha\}\) of the quaternary field \(GF(4)\).

An \(n\)-qubit Pauli stabilizer can be represented as a length-\(n\) quaternary vector. The stabilizer commutation condition corresponds to a zero trace-Hermitian inner product between the corresponding vectors. Stabilizer codes over \(GF(4)\) can thus be constructed from classical trace-Hermitian self-orthogonal additive quaternary codes and Hermitian self-orthogonal linear quaternary codes (since the latter are automatically trace-Hermitian self-orthogonal). The classical code corresponds to the stabilizer group \(\mathsf{S}\) while its trace-Hermitian dual corresponds to the normalizer \(\mathsf{N(S)}\).

Stabilizer codes over \(GF(4)\) can be constructed as follows. Let \(\phi\) be a bijection from a linear binary subspace to \(GF(4)^n\). Let \(C\) be a trace-Hermitian self-orthogonal additive subcode over \(GF(4)\), containing \(2^{n-k}\) vectors, such that there are no vectors of weight less than \(d\) in \(C^{\perp}\setminus C\). Then, any eigenspace of the inverse map \(\phi^{-1}(C)\) is an \([[n, k, d]]\) stabilizer code over \(GF(4)\).

Protection

Detects errors on \(d-1\) qubits, corrects errors on \(\left\lfloor (d-1)/2 \right\rfloor\) qubits.

Fault Tolerance

Characterizing fault-tolerant multi-qubit gates may involve characterizing all global automorphisms of some number of copies of a code that preserve the symplectic inner product [2; pg. 9].

Notes

Tables of \([[n,0,d]]\) codes, corresponding to a self-dual \(GF(4)\) representation, at this website.

Parent

Child

Cousins

  • Dual additive code — The stabilizer commutation condition for stabilizer codes over \(GF(4)\) can equivalently be stated in the representation of stabilizers as quaternary vectors. A pair of \(n\)-qubit stabilizers commute iff the trace-Hermitian inner product of their corresponding vectors is zero. Stabilizer codes over \(GF(4)\) can thus be constructed from trace-Hermitian self-orthogonal additive quaternary codes.
  • Dual linear code — If the classical additive code of quaternary vectors corresponding a stabilizer code over \(GF(4)\) is linear, then the code is self-orthogonal with respect to both the trace-Hermitian and Hermitian inner products ([3], Thm. 27.4.1). In other words, the extra trace operation can be removed from the definition of inner product.
  • Qubit BCH code — Hermitian self-orthogonal quaternary BCH codes are used to construct a subset of qubit BCH codes via the stabilizer-over-\(GF(4)\) construction.
  • Stabilizer code over \(GF(q^2)\) — Stabilizer codes over \(GF(q^2)\) are Galois-qudit extensions of those over \(GF(4)\).

References

[1]
A. R. Calderbank et al., “Quantum Error Correction via Codes over GF(4)”, (1997) arXiv:quant-ph/9608006
[2]
E. M. Rains, “Nonbinary quantum codes”, (1997) arXiv:quant-ph/9703048
[3]
W. C. Huffman, J.-L. Kim, and P. Solé, Concise Encyclopedia of Coding Theory (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021) DOI
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Zoo Code ID: stabilizer_over_gf4

Cite as:
“Stabilizer code over \(GF(4)\)”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/stabilizer_over_gf4
BibTeX:
@incollection{eczoo_stabilizer_over_gf4, title={Stabilizer code over \(GF(4)\)}, booktitle={The Error Correction Zoo}, year={2022}, editor={Albert, Victor V. and Faist, Philippe}, url={https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/stabilizer_over_gf4} }
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“Stabilizer code over \(GF(4)\)”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/stabilizer_over_gf4

Github: https://github.com/errorcorrectionzoo/eczoo_data/tree/main/codes/quantum/qubits/stabilizer_over_gf4.yml.