Quantum spherical code (QSC)[1] 

Description

Code whose codewords are superpositions of points on an \(n\)-dimensional real or complex sphere. Such codes can in principle be defined on any configuration space housing a sphere, but the focus of this entry is on QSCs constructed out of coherent-state constellations.

More technically, a QSC is a collection \(\{\mathcal{C}_k\}_{k=1}^K\) of codeword constellations, each of which yields a codeword by taking a quantum superposition of all points \(\mathbf{x}\in \mathcal{C}_k\). Taken together, the codeword constellations yield the code constellation, \(\mathcal{C}=\bigcup_{k=1}^{K}\mathcal{C}_{k}\).

Codewords of coherent-state QSCs of uniform superposition are defined as \begin{align} |\mathcal{C}_{k}\rangle\sim\frac{1}{\sqrt{|{\mathcal{C}}_{k}|}}\sum_{\boldsymbol{\alpha}\in\mathcal{C}_{k}}|\sqrt{\bar{N}}\boldsymbol{\alpha}\rangle~, \tag*{(1)}\end{align} where \( |\boldsymbol{\alpha} \rangle = |\alpha_1,\alpha_2,...\alpha_n \rangle \) is an \(n\)-mode coherent state. This expression is valid in the limit of large energy \(\bar{N}\to\infty\).

Coherent-state QSCs on \(n\) modes are denoted by \(((n,K,d_E,\langle t_{\downarrow},d_{\updownarrow},d_{\downarrow}\rangle))\), where \(K\) is codespace dimension, \(d_E\) is the squared minimum distance, i.e., the smallest Euclidean distance between pairs of distinct points across all codewords, and \( t_{\downarrow},d_{\updownarrow},d_{\downarrow} \) are the number of correctable losses (plus 1), the degree distance, and the number of detectable losses (plus 1), respectively.

Protection

The resolution \(d_E\) of the code is defined as \begin{align} d_E = \min_{\boldsymbol{\alpha},\boldsymbol{\beta}\in\mathcal{C}} \Vert\boldsymbol{\alpha}-\boldsymbol{\beta}\Vert^2~. \tag*{(2)}\end{align} The code protects against passive Gaussian transformations, which manifest as rotations on the sphere, \( |\boldsymbol{\alpha}\rangle \rightarrow |\mathbf{R}\boldsymbol{\alpha}\rangle \) for all \(\mathbf{R}\). Detectable transformations corresponds to rotations for which \begin{align} \Vert \mathbf{R}\boldsymbol{\alpha} - \boldsymbol{\alpha}\Vert^2 < d_E~, \tag*{(3)}\end{align} in the large \(\bar{N}\) limit.

The code also protects against general ladder errors, which are defined as \begin{align} L_{\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}}(\mathbf{a}^{\dagger},\mathbf{a})=\prod_{j=1}^{n}a_{j}^{\dagger p_{j}}a_{j}^{q_{j}}~. \tag*{(4)}\end{align} Any pure-loss ladder error \(L_{\mathbf{p}=\boldsymbol{0},\mathbf{q}}\) with \(|\mathbf{q}|<d_{\downarrow}\) is detectable. Any ladder error \(L_{\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}}\) with \(|\mathbf{p}|,|\mathbf{q}|<t_{\downarrow}\) is detectable, implying that up to \(t_{\downarrow}-1\) losses are correctable. Any ladder error with degree \(|\mathbf{p}+\mathbf{q}|<d_{\updownarrow}\) is detectable.

Parent

Children

  • 2T-qutrit code — The \(2T\)-qutrit is a QSC on the two-dimensional complex sphere whose code constellation is the \(4\{3\}4\) complex polytope.
  • Cat code — Cat codes are QSCs on the one-dimensional complex sphere.
  • Clifford subgroup-orbit QSC
  • Hessian QSC — The Hessian QSC is an example of a QSC with logical constellation built from the Hessian complex polyhedron.

Cousins

  • Constant-energy code — QSCs are quantum analogues of spherical and constant-energy codes because they store information in quantum superpositions of points on a sphere in quantum phase space.
  • Spherical code — QSCs are quantum analogues of spherical and constant-energy codes because they store information in quantum superpositions of points on a sphere in quantum phase space.
  • Single-spin code — Single-spin codes whose codewords are expressed in terms of discrete sets of spin-coherent states may also be interpreted as QSCs.
  • Pair-cat code — Pair-cat codes are QSCs embedded into the configuration space of pair-coherent states.
  • Qubit CSS code — CSS codes concatenated with two-component cat codes form QSCs which have a weight-based notion of distance.
  • Concatenated quantum code — CSS codes concatenated with two-component cat codes form QSCs which have a weight-based notion of distance.
  • Two-component cat code — CSS codes concatenated with two-component cat codes form QSCs which have a weight-based notion of distance.

References

[1]
S. P. Jain et al., “Quantum spherical codes”, (2023) arXiv:2302.11593
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Zoo Code ID: qsc

Cite as:
“Quantum spherical code (QSC)”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2023. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/qsc
BibTeX:
@incollection{eczoo_qsc,
  title={Quantum spherical code (QSC)},
  booktitle={The Error Correction Zoo},
  year={2023},
  editor={Albert, Victor V. and Faist, Philippe},
  url={https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/qsc}
}
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Cite as:

“Quantum spherical code (QSC)”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2023. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/qsc

Github: https://github.com/errorcorrectionzoo/eczoo_data/tree/main/codes/quantum/oscillators/coherent_state/qsc.yml.