Description
Encodes states (codewords) in coordinates of an \(n\)-dimensional lattice, i.e., a discrete set of points in Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^n\) that forms a group under vector addition when the set is translated such that one point is at the origin. The number of codewords may be infinite because the coordinate space is infinite-dimensional, so various restricted versions have to be constructed in practice. Since lattices are closed under addition, lattice-based codes can be thought of as linear codes over the reals.
A \(n\)-dimensional lattice-based code can be defined using a generator matrix \(G\) of rank \(n\), where the rows of \(G\) are the lattice translation vectors \(g_i\). Any lattice point \(x\) is a linear combination of translation vectors with integer coefficients \(c_i\), \(x = c_1 g_1 + c_2 g_2 + \cdots + c_n g_n\). A lattice-based code can also be defined using the Gram matrix \(GG^T\).
The automorphism group of a lattice is the group of all isometries that preserve the origin and map the lattice into itself. This group is a subgroup of the orthogonal group \(O(n)\), which is the group of isometries in Euclidean space. An orthogonal matrix \(U\) leaves the lattice invariant if there exists an integer matrix \(A\) of determinant \(\pm 1\) such that \begin{align} \label{eq:lattice-auto} AG=GU~. \tag*{(1)}\end{align} The affine automorphism group is the group obtained from adding lattice translations to the automorphism group.
Two lattices with generator matrices \(G,G^{\prime}\) are equivalent if one be obtained from the another by the following combination of an orthogonal matrix \(U\) and a change of scale \(c\neq 0\), \begin{align} G^{\prime}=cAGU~, \tag*{(2)}\end{align} where \(A\) is an integer matrix \(A\) of determinant \(\pm 1\).
Protection
Lattices are characterized by the minimum (Euclidean) distance \(d_{\text{min}}\) between two lattice points, the kissing number \(K_{\text{min}}\) of nearest neighbors at each lattice point, and the volume \(V=\det G\), which is the volume of the lattice's fundamental region that can be used to tile all of \(\mathbb{R}^n\).
The minimum Euclidean distance is an analogue of the minimum distance of binary codes. Half of this distance is called the packing radius.
The nominal coding gain \(\gamma_{c}\) (a.k.a. Hermite parameter) of an \(n\)-dimensional lattice is \begin{align} \gamma_{c}=\left(d_{\text{min}}/\sqrt[n]{V}\right)^{2}~, \tag*{(3)}\end{align} characterizing the ratio of the level of protection to the required spatial resources. The density of a lattice is the fraction of the total volume of space that is occupied by spheres of packing radius \(\frac{1}{2}d_{\text{min}}\) centered at each point in the lattice, \begin{align} \Delta=\frac{\text{volume of one sphere}}{\sqrt{V}}~. \tag*{(4)}\end{align}
The covering radius of a lattice is defined similarly as above, but with the spheres' covering radius now being the smallest one such that the spheres cover all space. In general, finding the covering radius of lattice is \(NP\)-hard [1].
The lattice quantizer problem is to find a lattice whose fundamental Voronoi cell \(\Pi\), the Voronoi cell at the origin, has the smallest possible normalized second moment, \begin{align} G(\Pi)=\frac{\frac{1}{n}\int_{\Pi}x\cdot x\,\textnormal{d}x}{\text{Vol}(\Pi)^{1+2/n}}\,. \tag*{(5)}\end{align} Higher-dimensional lattices yield quantizers with lower normalized second moments than the 1D integer lattice [2,3].
The shortest vector problem (SVP) asks for the shortest nonzero vector in a given lattice and is related to cryptographic protocols. Solving SVP up to an error independent of lattice dimension is NP-complete [4,5]. The Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) algorithm solves SVP in polynomial time, but up to an error exponential in the dimension [6]; see the book [7].
Notes
See books [14,15] for introductions and overviews of lattices.See LMFDB [16] and Catalogue of Lattices [17] for databases of lattices.Tables of bounds on kissing numbers [18]. Popular summary of bounds on kissing numbers in 17-21 dimensions in Quanta Magazine.See Refs. [19–21] for various examples and implementations in Magma.Cousins
- Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) code— QAM encodings often consist of lattice constellations, i.e., finite sets of points scooped out of an infinite 2D lattice.
- \(\mathbb{Z}^n\) hypercubic lattice— The generator matrix of a lattice-based code serves as a linear transformation that can be applied to the hypercubic lattice to obtain said code [22; Ch. 10].
- Lexicographic code— Lexicographic codes are \(q\)-ary analogues of laminated lattices [24][23; pg. 162].
- Lattice-shell code— Lattice-shell codes consists of lattice points that have been normalized.
- Quantum lattice code— Quantum lattice codes can be thought of as quantum analogues of lattices because they store information in quantum superpositions of points on a lattice in quantum phase space.
Member of code lists
Primary Hierarchy
References
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Page edit log
- Victor V. Albert (2022-11-02) — most recent
- Victor V. Albert (2022-02-16)
Cite as:
“Lattice-based code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/points_into_lattices