Description
Encodes into points into a subset of points lying on in \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\), here treated as \(\mathbb{C}\). Each pair of points is associated with a complex amplitude of an electromagnetic signal, and information is encoded into both the norm and phase of that signal [1; Ch. 16].
QAM schemes with \(q\) complex coordinates are often called \(q\)-QAM, and \(q\) is often a power of two in order to further concatenate with a binary code.
Rate
Nearly achieves Shannon AWGN capacity for two-dimensional constellations in the limit of infinite signal to noise [2; Fig. 11.8].
Realizations
Optical communication (e.g., Ref. [3]).Telephone-line modems: 1971 Codex 9600C and international standard V.29 used 16-QAM [4].
Parent
Child
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) code — PAM codes can be thought of as QAM codes restricted to the real line. A \(q\times q\)-QAM code is informationally equivalent to two \(q\)-PAM codes.
Cousins
- Lattice-based code — QAM encodings often consist of lattice constellations, i.e., finite sets of points scooped out of an infinite 2D lattice.
- Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code — Finite-energy GKP codes are quantum analogues of lattice-based QAM codes in that both use a subset of points on a lattice.
- Gray code — 2D Gray codes are often concatenated with \(n=1\) lattice-based QAM codes so that the Hamming distance between the bitstrings encoded into the points is a discretized version of the Euclidean distance between the points.
- Hyperbolic sphere packing — Hyperbolic QAM constellations may yield improved performance over Euclidean ones [5].
- Turbo code — Turbo codes concatenated with QAM codes offer a substantial coding gain [6].
- Turbo code — Turbo codes can be concatenated with BPSK codes [7].
- Niset-Andersen-Cerf code — The Niset-Andersen-Cerf code encodes two coherent states at a time with arbitrary complex values, making it analogous to a two-point QAM code. The code does not encode any quantum information since superpositions of the coherent states are not stored. However, analysis of the code is done via a quantum treatment.
References
- [1]
- A. Lapidoth, A Foundation in Digital Communication (Cambridge University Press, 2017) DOI
- [2]
- R. E. Blahut, Modem Theory (Cambridge University Press, 2009) DOI
- [3]
- F. Buchali, F. Steiner, G. Bocherer, L. Schmalen, P. Schulte, and W. Idler, “Rate Adaptation and Reach Increase by Probabilistically Shaped 64-QAM: An Experimental Demonstration”, Journal of Lightwave Technology 34, 1599 (2016) DOI
- [4]
- International Telecommunication Union-T, Recommendation V.29: 9600 Bits Per Second Modem Standardized For Use on Point-to-Point 4-Wire Leased Telephone-Tpe Circuits, 1993
- [5]
- Silva, E. B., R. Palazzo Jr, and M. Firer. "Performance analysis of QAM-like constellations in hyperbolic space." 2000 International Symposium on Information Theory and its Applications, Honolulu, USA. 2000.
- [6]
- S. Le Goff, A. Glavieux, and C. Berrou, “Turbo-codes and high spectral efficiency modulation”, Proceedings of ICC/SUPERCOMM’94 - 1994 International Conference on Communications DOI
- [7]
- E. K. Hall and S. G. Wilson, “Design and analysis of turbo codes on Rayleigh fading channels”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 16, 160 (1998) DOI
Page edit log
- Victor V. Albert (2022-11-07) — most recent
Cite as:
“Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/qam
Github: https://github.com/errorcorrectionzoo/eczoo_data/edit/main/codes/classical/analog/modulation/qam.yml.