Dual additive code 

Description

For any \(q\)-ary additive code \(C\), the dual additive (or orthogonal additive) code is \begin{align} C^\perp = \{ y\in GF(q)^{n} ~|~ x \star y=0 \forall x\in C\}, \tag*{(1)}\end{align} where the trace inner product is \(x\star y = \sum_{i=1}^n \text{tr}(x_i y_i)\) for coordinates \(x_i,y_i\), and the trace maps elements of the field \(GF(q)\) with \(q=p^m\) to elements of \(GF(p)\) as \begin{align} \text{tr}(\gamma)=\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}\gamma^{p^{k}}~. \tag*{(2)}\end{align}

A code that is contained in its dual,\(C \subseteq C^\perp\), is called self-orthogonal additive or weakly self-dual additive. A code that contains its dual, \(C^\perp \subseteq C\), is called dual-containing additive. A code that is equal to its dual, \(C^\perp = C\), is called self-dual additive. A code is dual-containing additive iff its dual is self-orthogonal additive.

An alternative definition of dual substitutes the trace inner product for the trace-Hermitian inner product, \(x\star y \to \sum_{i=1}^n \text{tr}(x_i y^{p}_i)\). Another extension for when \(q=p^2\), relevant to certain stabilizer codes and reducing to the trace-Hermitian case for \(q=4\), is the trace-alternating inner product, \begin{align} x\star y \to \sum_{i=1}^{n}\text{tr}\left(\frac{x_{i}y_{i}^{\sqrt{q}}-x_{i}^{\sqrt{q}}y_{i}}{\alpha-\alpha^{q}}\right)~, \tag*{(3)}\end{align} where \(\{1,\alpha\}\) is a basis of \(GF(q)\) over \(GF(\sqrt{q})\). Self-dual additive codes with respect to the trace-Hermitian (trace-alternating) inner product are called trace Hermitian (trace-alternating) self-dual additive; similar definitions hold for self-orthogonal additive and dual-containing additive.

Parent

Child

Cousins

  • Dual linear code — Different inner products are typically used to define duals of linear and additive codes.
  • Dual code over \(R\)
  • Stabilizer code over \(GF(4)\) — The stabilizer commutation condition for stabilizer codes over \(GF(4)\) can equivalently be stated in the representation of stabilizers as quaternary vectors. A pair of \(n\)-qubit stabilizers commute iff the trace-Hermitian inner product of their corresponding vectors is zero. Stabilizer codes over \(GF(4)\) can thus be constructed from trace-Hermitian self-orthogonal additive quaternary codes.
  • Galois-qudit stabilizer code — An additive code of length \(2n\) over \(GF(q)\) that is self-orthogonal with respect to the trace-symplectic inner product corresponds to symplectic representations of an \(n\) Galois-qudit stabilizer group [1]. Moreover, any additive code whose self-orthogonality under some inner product (such as Hermitian, Euclidean, or symplectic) implies trace-symplectic self-orthogonality of an equivalent code can be used to construct a Galois-qudit stabilizer code.
  • Stabilizer code over \(GF(q^2)\) — The stabilizer commutation condition for stabilizer codes over \(GF(q^2)\) can equivalently be stated in the representation of stabilizers as vectors over \(GF(q^2)\). A pair of \(n\) Galois-qudit stabilizers commute iff the trace-alternating inner product of their their corresponding vectors is zero. Stabilizer codes over \(GF(q^2)\) can thus be constructed from trace-alternating self-orthogonal additive codes over \(GF(q^2)\).

References

[1]
A. Ashikhmin and E. Knill, “Nonbinary quantum stabilizer codes”, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 47, 3065 (2001) DOI
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Zoo Code ID: dual_additive

Cite as:
“Dual additive code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/dual_additive
BibTeX:
@incollection{eczoo_dual_additive,
  title={Dual additive code},
  booktitle={The Error Correction Zoo},
  year={2022},
  editor={Albert, Victor V. and Faist, Philippe},
  url={https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/dual_additive}
}
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Cite as:

“Dual additive code”, The Error Correction Zoo (V. V. Albert & P. Faist, eds.), 2022. https://errorcorrectionzoo.org/c/dual_additive

Github: https://github.com/errorcorrectionzoo/eczoo_data/tree/main/codes/classical/q-ary_digits/dual/dual_additive.yml.